Resumen: A partir del presente análisis se busca ofrecer una explicación clara y comprensible de los principios constitucionales del derecho laboral administrativo. Para ello, es relevante identificar cada principio, tanto doctrinal como jurisprudencial, pues correlacionados permiten el establecimiento de categorías verdaderamente diferenciadoras a la hora de ubicarlos dentro del derecho del trabajo, entendido como obligación social. La mayoría de tratadistas se han limitado a considerar este derecho a partir de los principios del derecho administrativo laboral, bajo una articulación con el área del derecho público y no como una parte del derecho del trabajo. Dicha concepción es administrativista y desconoce el ámbito laboral que circunda el marco de la coordinación económica y el equilibrio social, y que posibilita entender que, actualmente, el Estado es el mayor empleador, cuyo deber es ser garante de los derechos consagrados en el Estatuto Superior como Estado social y democrático de derecho.

Abstract: This analysis intends to offer a clear and understandable explanation of the constitutional principles of administrative labor law. For this, it is relevant to identify each doctrinal and case-law principle, as they allow establishing truly differentiating categories when they are correlated and placed within labor law, understood as a social obligation. Most experts have restricted themselves to considering this law based on the principles of labor administrative law, together with public law, and not as a part of labor law. This conception is administrativist and ignores the work environment surrounding the framework of economic coordination and social balance that makes it possible to understand that the state is the largest employer at present. As such, the state should guarantee the rights contained in the Constitution as social and democratic rule of law.

Resumo: A partir da presente análise, busca-se oferecer uma explicação clara e compreensível dos princípios constitucionais do direito administrativo do trabalho. Para isso, é relevante identificar cada princípio, tanto doutrinário quanto jurisprudencial, já que correlacionar-los permite estabelecer categorias verdadeiramente diferenciadoras para utilizá-los dentro do direito do trabalho, entendido como obrigação social. A maioria dos escritores limitou-se a considerar esse direito com base nos princípios do direito administrativo do trabalho, em articulação com a área do direito público e não como parte do direito do trabalho. Essa concepção é administrativista e desconhece o ambiente de trabalho que envolve o marco da coordenação econômica e do equilíbrio social, e permite compreender que atualmente o Estado é o maior empregador, cujo dever é garantir os direitos consagrados no Estatuto Superior como Estado democrático de direito social.

Relación entre el estado nutricional y la cantidad de sueño en escolares chilenos. Objetivo: establecer la relación entre cantidad de sueño, estado nutricional y consumo de cafeína en escolares Métodos: El estudio fue realizado en 805 escolares, entre 6 a 10 años de 6 comunas de Santiago de Chile. Los padres completaron las encuestas de sueño, actividad física y consumo de alimentos. A los escolares se les realizó una evaluación antropométrica. Resultados: El 56,2% de los escolares era obeso, el 46,4% dormía menos de lo recomendado (≥10 horas). La cantidad de sueño fue significativamente mayor en los escolares normal peso que en los obesos 9,8 ± 0,9 vs 9,6 ± 0,9, respectivamente. La cantidad de sueño durante la semana fue inversamente asociada a obesidad (OR: 3,5; 95% CI 1,3-9,2). Los escolares bebían en la noche antes de dormir: bebidas carbonadatas con cafeína (52,2%), café y/o té (32,6%) y un 21,2% ambos tipos de bebidas. Conclusión: Más de la mitad de esta muestra de niños en edad escolar, dormia menos de la cantidad recomendada (≥ 10 horas), los escolares obesos dormían menos de sujetos de peso normal. Además se observa una ingesta en la noche de bebidas carbonatadas con cafeína elevada en ambos grupos.

. Objective: To establish the relationship between sleep duration, nutritional status and caffeinated beverage consumption patterns in school-age Chilean children. Method: The study was conducted in 805 school age children, between 6 and 10 years old from 6 neighbor hoods in Santiago, Chile. Parents completed a questionnaire, which assessed sleep duration, physical activity and food intake. Anthropometric measurements were completed for children. Results: 52.6% of school age children were obese and 46.4% slept the recommended amount (≥10 hours). Normal weight subjects slept significantly more hours than obese participants, 9.8 ± 0.9 vs. 9.6 ± 0.9, respectively. Sleep duration during the week was inversely associated to obesity (OR: 3.5, 95% CI 1.3-9.2). Children drank the following beverages at night: caffeinated soft drinks (52.2 %), coffee and/or tea (32.6%) and 21.2 % both soft drinks and coffee tea caffeine beverages Conclusion: Over half of this sample of school-age Chilean children slept less than the recommended (≥10 hours) amount, with obese participants sleeping less than normal weight subjects. The intake of caffeine products in particular, caffeinated soft drinks, was higher during the night in both groups.

Several reports have described in the last decade the coexistence of accelerated increase of obesity with micronutrient deficiencies in developed countries, and is becoming evident in developing nations. This condition may be especially deleterious in children and adolescents with consequences in metabolic risk and growth since early in life. This review describes the evidence of double burden malnutrition during growth period focused on six nutrients (iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin D, vitamin A, sodium, folic acid and vitamin B12) and its biological mechanisms associated with non-communicable disease through span life. In Colombia, according to the last national health and nutrition surveys (2005 vs. 2010), there is an increase in the prevalence of obesity in all age groups; that is accompanied with alarming figures of zinc and vitamin A deficiency and anemia in children under 5 years. This reality of double burden malnutrition should be considered urgently on the public health agenda, implementing robust strategies adapted to the reality of the country based on scientific evidence to prevent mobility and mortality associated with this condition.

Sucesivos reportes en la última década describen la coexistencia de la malnutrición por exceso con el déficit de micronutrientes en países desarrollados y en vía de desarrollo. Esta condición puede ser especialmente deletérea en niños y adolescentes con consecuencias en el riesgo metabólico y en el crecimiento desde edades tempranas. En este trabajo se muestra la evidencia sobre la doble carga de malnutrición durante el periodo de crecimiento con enfoque en 8 nutrientes (hierro, zinc, calcio, vitamina D, vitamina A, sodio, ácido fólico y vitamina B12) y su posible mecanismo de acción en el desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas en las diferentes etapas de la vida. En Colombia, según las dos últimas encuestas nacionales de la situación nutricional (ENSIN 2005 y 2010), se ha dado un aumento rápido de la obesidad en todas las edades, que se acompaña de cifras alarmantes de déficit de zinc, vitamina A y anemia, en menores de 5 años. Esta realidad de doble carga de malnutrición debe considerarse de manera urgente en la agenda de salud pública y actuar de manera efectiva implementando estrategias sólidas y adaptadas a la realidad del país, basadas en la evidencia científica, para prevenir la morbimortalidad atribuida a esta condición.

Sucesivos reportes en la última década describen la coexistencia de la malnutrición por exceso con el déficit de micronutrientes en países desarrollados y en vía de desarrollo. Esta condición puede ser especialmente deletérea en niños y adolescentes con consecuencias en el riesgo metabólico y en el crecimiento desde edades tempranas. En este trabajo se muestra la evidencia sobre la doble carga de malnutrición durante el periodo de crecimiento con enfoque en 8 nutrientes (hierro, zinc, calcio, vitamina D, vitamina A, sodio, ácido fólico y vitamina B12) y su posible mecanismo de acción en el desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas en las diferentes etapas de la vida. En Colombia, según las dos últimas encuestas nacionales de la situación nutricional (ENSIN 2005 y 2010), se ha dado un aumento rápido de la obesidad en todas las edades, que se acompaña de cifras alarmantes de déficit de zinc, vitamina A y anemia, en menores de 5 años. Esta realidad de doble carga de malnutrición debe considerarse de manera urgente en la agenda de salud pública y actuar de manera efectiva implementando estrategias sólidas y adaptadas a la realidad del país, basadas en la evidencia científica, para prevenir la morbimortalidad atribuida a esta condición.

Several reports have described in the last decade the coexistence of accelerated increase of obesity with micronutrient deficiencies in developed countries, and is becoming evident in developing nations. This condition may be especially deleterious in children and adolescents with consequences in metabolic risk and growth since early in life. This review describes the evidence of double burden malnutrition during growth period focused on six nutrients (iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin D, vitamin A, sodium, folic acid and vitamin B12) and its biological mechanisms associated with non-communicable disease through span life. In Colombia, according to the last national health and nutrition surveys (2005 vs. 2010), there is an increase in the prevalence of obesity in all age groups; that is accompanied with alarming figures of zinc and vitamin A deficiency and anemia in children under 5 years. This reality of double burden malnutrition should be considered urgently on the public health agenda, implementing robust strategies adapted to the reality of the country based on scientific evidence to prevent mobility and mortality associated with this condition.

Introducción: La trisomía 8 en mosaico o Síndrome de Warkany, es una cromosomopatía con una prevalencia estimada de 1:25,000 a 1:50,000, que se presenta clínicamente con una amplia variabilidad fenotípica. Descripción del Caso: Paciente de 14 años con antecedente de retardo global del desarrollo, déficit cognitivo moderado e hipotiroidismo de posible origen congénito. Hallazgos Clínicos: Al examen físico presenta ptosis palpebral, corneas pequeñas y corectopia, hipoplasia de maxilar superior y prognatismo, apiñamiento dental, paladar alto ojival, anomalías en extremidades como digitalización de pulgares, clinodactilia y acortamiento bilateral del quinto dedo en manos, acortamiento de fémur derecho, desviación de columna y máculas lineales pardas que siguen las líneas de Blaschko. En la resonancia nuclear magnética cerebral se aprecia malformación de Chiari tipo 1 y ventriculomegalia. El cariotipo en sangre periférica fue normal (46,XY) sin embargo, ante el hallazgo de mosaicismo cutáneo, se realizó biopsia de las lesiones y su análisis citogenético demostró trisomía 8 en mosaico: mos47,XY,+8[7]/46,XY[93]. Relevancia Clínica: La trisomía 8 se presenta clínicamente en mosaico, los casos universales son indefectiblemente letales. En este caso particular, las lesiones cutáneas identificaron el mosaico en tejido, frente al cariotipo normal en sangre periférica. El mosaicismo cutáneo representado por las máculas lineales pardas (que siguen las líneas de Blaschko) es un hallazgo clínico que no se había descrito en el síndrome de Warkany.

Introduction: Mosaic trisomy 8 or "Warkany's Syndrome" is a chromosomopathy with an estimated prevalance of 1:25,000 to 1:50,000, whose clinical presentation has a wide phenotypic variability. Case Description: Patient aged 14 years old with antecedents of global retardation of development, moderate cognitive deficit and hypothyroidism of possible congenital origin. Clinical Findings: Physical examination revealed palpebral ptosis, small corneas and corectopia, hypoplasia of the upper maxilla and prognathism, dental crowding, high-arched palate, anomalies of the extremities such as digitalization of the thumbs, clinodactyly and bilateral shortening of the fifth finger, shortening of the right femur, columnar deviation and linear brown blotches that followed Blaschko's lines. Cerebral nuclear magnetic resonance revealed type 1 Chiari's malformation and ventriculomegaly. Although the karyotype was normal in peripheral blood (46,XY), based on the finding of cutaneous mosaicism the lesions were biopsied and cytogenetic analysis demonstrated mosaic trisomy 8: mos 47,XY,+8[7]/46,XY[93]. Clinical Relevance: Trisomy 8 is clinically presented as a mosaic, universal cases being unfailingly lethal. In this particular case, cutaneous lesions identified the mosaic in tissue, although the karyotype was normal in peripheral blood. The cutaneous mosaicism represented by brown linear blotches which follow Blaschko's lines is a clinical finding that has not previously been described in Warkany's syndrome.

Abstract Introduction: Preterm infants (<37 weeks of gestation) have low levels of thyroid hormones due to multiple factors. Objective: To evaluate levels of thyroid-stimulation hormone (TSH) in the program congenital hypothyroidism (CH) newborn screening in a sample of preterm infants in the city of Bogotá, Colombia. Methods: The Secretaría de Salud Distrital screening protocol for CH (blood sample is collected from the umbilical cord in all the newborns) remeasured the serum TSH and heel TSH when preterm infants completed 37 weeks of gestation. Results: A total of 59 preterm neonates were rescreened, of which 2 neonates had elevated levels of TSH and 1 neonate had transient hypothyroxinemia. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov 2-sample/bilateral statistical test was used to compare the neonatal TSH levels of preterm and full-term newborns, which do not follow the same distribution. Conclusion: In our pilot study, 2 of the rescreened infants presented high levels of TSH and 1 had transient hyperthyrotropinemia, suggesting the need for rescreening of preterm infants. Additionally, a larger study should be performed to determine the screening cutoff values for preterm newborns.

A hérnia discal lombar é o diagnóstico mais comum dentre as alterações degenerativas da coluna lombar (acomete 2 a 3% da população) e a principal causa de cirurgia de coluna na população adulta. O quadro clínico típico inclui lombalgia inicial, seguida de lombociatalgia e, finalmente, de dor ciática pura. A história natural da hérnia de disco é de resolução rápida dos sintomas (quatro a seis semanas). O tratamento inicial deve ser conservador, com manejo medicamentoso e fisioterápico, podendo ser acompanhado ou não por bloqueios percutâneos radiculares. O tratamento cirúrgico está indicado na falha do controle da dor, déficit motor maior que grau 3, dor radicular associada à estenose óssea foraminal ou síndrome de cauda equina, sendo esta última uma emergência médica. Uma técnica cirúrgica refinada, com remoção do fragmento extruso, e preservação do ligamento amarelo, resolve a sintomatologia da ciática e reduz a possibilidade de recidiva em longo prazo.

Lumbar disc herniation is the most common diagnosis amongst the degenerative conditions of the lumbar spine (affecting around 2 to 3% of the population), and is the principal cause of spine surgery in the adult population. The typical clinical picture includes initial lumbalgia, followed by progressive sciatica. The natural history of disc herniation is one of rapid resolution of the symptoms (from 4-6 weeks). Early treatment should be conservative, with pain management and physiotherapy, sometimes associated with selective nerve root block. Surgery should be considered if pain management is unsuccessful, if there is a motor deficit (strength grade 3 or less), where there is radicular pain associated with foraminal stenosis, or in the presence of cauda equina syndrome, the latter representing a medical emergency. A refined surgical technique, with removal of the extruded fragment and preservation of the ligamentum flavum, resolves the sciatic symptoms and reduces the risk of recurrence in the long term.